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The Smith Administration
VII THE KILLING OF HATIM TAI  Notes edited by David Page, with advice on medical and other matters from Dr Richard Haythornthwaite. In preparing these notes, the present Editor has drawn where appropriate on those of the ORG. |
[November 21 2008]
First Publication
12th May 1888 in the Civil and Military Gazette and in Turnovers No.II, 1888.
The Story
Kipling’s story of Hatim Tai recounts the efforts taken to destroy this elephant after he had killed his driver, but the description is much lighter in tone and is mainly concerned with three Doctors and a Subaltern each proffering their own preferred means for despatching Hatim Tai. The Subaltern’s proves to be the only one that is fully effective.
Background
The ORG records that this story is taken from William Hone's Every-Day Book published in 1826-27. The relevant entry in Hone is for 9 March 1827, (volume II of the publication, p.321 ff) and relates to events in March 1826 at Exeter Exchange (better known as 'Exeter Change'), a building on the north side of the Strand, London and now the site of the Strand Palace Hotel. A menagerie was established there on the upper floors from 1773 to 1829 in which year the building was demolished. The report relates how the elephant ‘Chunee’ was dosed with various medicaments when it became musth (dangerously frenzied), and was eventually shot with considerable difficulty. See The Everyday Book web-site.
[Page 369, line 1] Hatim Tai (see Edward Fitzgerald's translation of Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam which Kipling's Head at U.S.C. had introduced him to as a schoolboy).The name “Hatim Tai” appears in the 9th or 10th quatrain, depending on the edition:
But come with old Khayyam, and leave the LotThe Glossary in the Collins Classics Edition of 1953 says that Hatim Tai was a pre-Islamic Arab famed for his generosity.
Of Kaikobad and Kaikhosru forgot:
Let Rustum lay about him as he will,
Or Hatim Tai cry Supper—heed them not.
[First Edition, 1859]
[Page 369, line 3] mahout elephant driver.
[Page 369, line 4] Durga Pershad another elephant. Durga is a form of the Hindu Goddess Devi. There was a male elephant in London Zoo named Jung Pershad who died in March 1896. See this web-site
[Page 369, lines 12-13] ‘all the tomorrows should be as today,’ The source of this quotation has not been identified. However, Jane Keskar has found one in Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale which expresses a similar sentiment:
We were, fair queen,[Page 369, line 18] seven-pounder an artillery piece that fired a seven pound shell (3.2 kg).
Two lads that thought there were no more behind
But such a day to-morrow as to-day,
And to be boy eternal.
(I.ii.62) [JMK]
[Page 369, line 19] Subaltern a commissioned officer below the rank of Captain.
[Page 369, line 20] Horse Battery an artillery unit where the guns are drawn by horses. In India guns were also drawn by elephants (right) and by bullocks, or carried by mules. See for example, “Her Majesty’s Servants” in The Jungle Book, and its accompanying poem “Parade Song of the Camp-Animals”). .
[Page 369, line 29] Doon The Doon valley lies between the Himalayas and the Sivalik Hills, north-north-east of Delhi in the region of Dehra Dun and the hill station of Mussoorie.
[Page 369, line 33] Salah! As written this means honesty, but without the last letter is a term of abuse. [ORG]
[Page 370, line 1] Budmash! or Badmash. Means ‘naughty one’ or 'rascal'.
[Page 370, line 2] ankus a heavy spike or goad usually used on the head of the elephant. (See also “The King’s Ankus” in The Second Jungle Book).
[Page 370, line 3] Put hell. [ORG]
[Page 370, line 13] Sanderson Sahib This is George Peress Sanderson (1848-92), the head of elephant catching in India for the Army, whose career is described by Sir Theodore Tasker in KJ 180 for Dec 1971, p. 9. He was the ooringinal of ‘Petersen Sahib’ in "Toomai of the Elephants" in The Jungle Book. See Alan Underwood’s notes on the story.
Sanderson operated in Mysore and Bengal from 1864 to 1892, with some nine months in the Garo Hills catching elephants. He appears to have used the keddah system described in the story, which was less cruel than driving the elephants into a deep pit, a method which had also been used. He operated on a large scale, capturing 3000 elephants in Bengal in eleven years, with the biggest 'take' at one time being 136 wild elephants.
He wrote several books, including a technical manual, Pack Gear for Elephants. It is thought that he met Lockwood and possibly Rudyard Kipling. Lockwood mentions Sanderson in Beast and Man in India and refers to his 'admirable book', Thirteen Years among the Wild Beasts of India.
[Page 370, line 23] gur this is the sugar referred to two lines before. It is a coarse grey-brown colour. [ORG]
[Page 370, line 27] mussala medicine. [ORG]
[Page 371, line 3] buck-jump jump suddenly and jerkily.
[Page 371, line 12] corking-pin a large pin used to fasten dresses. [ORG]
[Page 372, line 2] Afim lao bring the opium.
Patna a city on the Ganges, downstream of Ghazipur about halfway to Jamalpur.
[Page 372, line 4] Ghazipur excise opium Kipling visited the government opium factory at Ghazipur in January 1888. He described the visit in a report for the Pioneer “In an Opium Factory”, collected in From Sea to Sea. Ghazipur is on the Ganges downstream from Benares (Varanasi).
[Page 372, line 5] a seer a weight equivalent to about 2 lbs (almost 1 kg).
[Page 372, lines 13-18] The ORG notes that is a nice little list of the better known poisons. A little more information about the ones mentioned is given below, supplied mainly by Dr Richard Haythornthwaite.
- Cyanide of potassium potassium cyanide. A popular material for murder in fiction, and has been used for suicide by several people.
- Bisulphide of mercury mercuric bisulphide, is also known as vermilion, a bright red pigment used from ancient times for colouring including illuminated parchments and like all mercury compounds poisonous.
- chloral or chloral hydrate – trichloroacetaldehyde monohydrate. A sedative to calm people and used to be used in children as a safe sedative. Unfortunately has a horrrid smell so it has never been a popular agent on this account. Not used now.
- sulphate of copper copper sulphate, blue stone and blue vitriol are common names for the pentahydrate of cupric sulphate. Used as a disinfectant and cleansing agent, also a molluscicide (slug pellets).
- oxide of zinc zinc oxide. Used as an external treatment for minor skin irritations, and as a protective cream for babies with sore bottoms.
- red lead lead tetroxide. Normally used as a pigment but is toxic if ingested.
- bismuth both the metal and its salts show some degree of toxicity.
- carbonate of baryta barium carbonate. Not usually considered to be a poison. Its cousin Barium sulphate is the compound used for barium enema x-rays of the large bowel.
- corrosive sublimate mercuric chloride is highly toxic.
- quicklime burnt lime or calcium oxide. It has been used to disintegrate corpses to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.
- stramontium or stramonium. Derived from the herb Datura stramonium commonly named thorn-apple or jimsonweed. It is one of the nightshade family and contains several alkaloids. Datura used as a poison occurs in the story of Mowgli and “The King’s Ankus”:
A Jungle-dweller gets to learn by experience as much as many doctors know of poisonous plants and berries. Mowgli sniffed the smoke that came up from the fire, broke off a morsel of the blackened bread, tasted it, and spat it out again.
‘Apple of Death,’ he coughed. ‘The first must have made it ready in the food for these, who killed him, having first killed the Gond.’
‘Good hunting, indeed! The kills follow close,’ said Bagheera. ‘Apple of Death’ is what the jungle call thorn-apple or dhatura, the readiest poison in all India. - veratrium or veratrum. Highly poisonous perennial herbs of the Melanthiaceae family.
- colchicum a genus of flowering plants which grow from corms. Derivative of Autumn Crocus used in medicine from ancient times for the treatment of gout. Highly toxic, pharmaceutical dose close to toxic dose.
- muriatic acid or hydrochloric acid which has a corrosive effect on organic tissue, although it is produced naturally in the stomach but only at about 10% strength.
- lunar caustic or silver nitrate. Used in medicine as drops in new borns’ eyes to prevent infection. Use as a caustic or styptic pencil to control minor bleeding, warts and apthous ulcers, also as a disinfectant. [RJH / DP]
Our thanks go to Dr Richard Haythornthwaite who supplied this information and recalls seeing these massive conical cartridges as a youngster in India.
[D.P.]
©David Page 2008 All rights reserved
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