The Conversion of St Wilfrid

	"The Conversion of St Wilfrid"
	These notes are based on those written by Donald Mackenzie for the OXFORD WORLD'S CLASSICS edition of Puck of Pook's Hill and Rewards and Fairies (1995) with the kind permission of Oxford University Press. Except where stated otherwise, the page numbers below refer to the Macmillan Uniform Edition of Rewards and Fairies (1910, and frequently reprinted since). The notes on "Song of the Red War-Boat are by Philip Holberton.

[November 6th 2011]

Publication

This story was first published in The Delineator in January 1910, and collected in Rewards and Fairies later in the same year.

The Story

In their local church the children meet Wilfrid, Bishop of York in the seventh century. He tells how he spent time in Sussex, converting the South Saxons, a strange people, much given to suicide, to Christianity. He makes friends with Meon, one of their chieftains, who is a sceptic, but this does not stop them having a civilised dialogue. The King has ordered the people to be baptised, but Meon thinks this a cynical ploy to curry favour. Meon has a tame seal, Padda, but Wilfrid's chaplain Eddi insists that seals are demons.

One day, Wilfrid goes fishing with Meon and Eddi. They are caught in a storm, and washed up on a rock at risk of their lives. As they huddle on a ledge in the cold and wet, hour by hour, Meon asks Wilfrid if he should convert to Christianity. Wilfrid responds that he should not desert his gods just to seek favour in a moment of crisis.

They are rescued when Padda, the tame seal, finds them, brings them fish, and goes for help. Eddi calls a blessing on the creature: 'God sent him out of the storm to humble me, a fool'. Home in his hall, Meon tells the people how in that desperate time of danger Wilfrid had urged him to keep faith. '...a faith which takes care that every man shall keep faith, even though he may save his soul by breaking faith, is the faith for a man to believe in. So I believe in the Christian God...'

Background

St Wilfrid (634-709) was one of the leading English ecclesiastical figures of the second half of the seventh century. Preacher to pagans in Frisia and Sussex, and a notable builder of churches and monasteries, he introduced the Rule of St Benedict in monasteries in the north of England, and reformed Church music. His stormy life - he was engaged in repeated conflicts over his bishopric and three times exiled - bears out his comment in the story: `On sea and land my life seems to have been one long shipwreck.'

It was during his second exile that he converted the pagan enclave of the South Saxons. The Latin Life of Wilfrid by his chaplain Eddius Stephanus was edited by J. Raine in The Historians of the Church of York and its Archbishops, vol. i (1879). It is available in the Penguin Classics Lives of the Saints, trans. J. F. Webb (1965).

Some critical comments

Sandra Kemp has observed:

... the story records the `conversion' of both Eddi and St Wilfrid to a spiritually richer, more tolerant belief. "The Conversion of St Wilfrid" opens out to an affirmation of the need for a broader spiritual sense, a redefined Christianity, which can accommodate the non-Christian (Meon). What the Christians come to understand, through their friendship with the pagan scholar Meon, and after a narrow escape from death at sea, is the need for absolute compassion: `I had learned a great deal', St Wilfrid tells Dan and Una at the end. `One should deal kindly with all the creatures of god and gently with their masters. But one learns late'...

..."The Conversion of St Wilfrid" suggests that nobody has the right to criticize another's faith, and that the impulse to conversion must be heartfelt and willing. `No God in any Heaven shall say that I came to him or left him because I was wet and cold', Meon says to St Wilfrid, and he claims to be converted only after St Wilfrid counsels him to stand by his own gods...

Notes on the text

[Page 221, line 2] St Barnabas Church This is St Bartholomew's Church in Burwash, Kipling's local village.

[Page 224, line 12] Panama Corner there is a slab in the church with the inscription given in the text. It may be translated as `Pray for the soul of John Collins'.

[Page 225, line 16] "Oh, all ye works ... magnify him for ever" from the canticle, "Benedicite, Omnia Opera" incorporated in the Order for Morning Prayer of the Anglican liturgy. It comes from the version of the Book of David in the Apocrypha, the collection of Christian writings which were not accepted as part of the Old or New Testaments.

[Page 226, line 9] the South Saxons The Saxons were one of the pagan peoples, together with Angles and Jutes, from what is now northern Germany and Denmark, who invaded and settled England after the departure of the Roman armies in the fourth and fifth centuries. They were one of the last Anglo-Saxon peoples to be converted to Christianity. [The name of the present-day English county Sussex means 'the country of the South Saxons' and Essex 'the country of the East Saxons'. Norfolk was 'the country of the North Folk'.]

[Page 226, line 24] my own Northumbrian folk As Bishop of York, Wilfrid's See covered the whole of Northumbria, the northenmost county of England.

[Page 226, line 29] there was a great fight see the Life of Wilfrid, ch. 13.

[Page 227, line 22] that class of native

[Page 227, line 27] heathen Non-Christian, or pagan.

[Page 227, line 30] Wotan name for Odin, chief of the Norse gods.

[Page 228, line 11] The Church's One Foundation' by S. J. Stone (1839-1900).

[Page 230, line 15] they all said it was a miracle this story is not in the Life of Wilfrid. Kipling may have derived it from Hone's Everyday Book which gives it in the course of a biographical sketch of Wilfrid. It is also mentioned in Bede's Ecclesiastical History, Bk IV, ch. 13, which, unlike Kipling's story, connects the suicides only with the famine. Bede gives 'Padda' as the name of one of Wilfrid's priests.

[Page 231, line 33] father of lies John 8, 44: 'When he speaketh of a lie he speaketh of his own. For he is a liar, and the father of it.'

[Page 235, line 17] morning and the evening were our second day cf. Gen. 1, 8: 'And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day.'

[Page 236, line 30] They are gone on a journey cf. 1 Kgs. 18, 27: 'Cry aloud: for he is a god; either he is talking, or he is pursuing, or he is in a journey, or peradventure he sleepeth and must be awaked.'

[Page 238, line 3] ravens 1 Kings. 17,6: 'And the ravens brought him bread and flesh in the morning, and bread and flesh in the evening, and he drank of the brook.'

[Page 240, line 8] Balder son of Odin, the most beautiful and beloved of the Norse gods, slain (in the best-known version of the myth) through the craft of Loki.

[Page 240, line 8] Thun presumably a variant of Thunor, a name under which Thor was worshipped by Germans and Anglo-Saxons.

[Page 240, line 9] Lok variant of Loki, the trickster-god of Norse mythology.

[Page 240, line 33] The Albert Hall The great domed concert hall in west London south of Hyde Park, named after Queen Victoria's consort.

[Page 241, line 5] Dies Irae one of the most famous of medieval hymns, attributed to the Italian Franciscan Thomas of Celano. The lines quoted here might be rendered as follows:

The day of wrath, that awesome day,
will dissolve the world in flame,
as witness David and the Sibyl.
The trumpet wondrously resounding
through the graves of every region
will all compel before the throne.
Merciful Jesus, call to mind
that it was for my sake you journeyed.
Destroy me not upon that day.'

Lascelles (The Story-Teller Retrieves the Past, page 131) comments that the use of the hymns of the medieval Church, here and in "A Centurion of the Thirtieth": `generates a peculiar impression as of that middle state in which a dream expands and brightens before it dissolves. This impression is not shared by the children.'

"Eddi's Service"

Notes on the poem

the poem

[line 1] Eddi Eddius Stephanus, biographer of St Wilfrid (see the note above).

[line 23] My Father's business cf. - for the phrasing if not the content - Luke 2, 49: '...How is it that ye sought me ? Wist ye not that I must be about my Father's business ?'

[line 25] three are gathered together cf. Matt. 18, 20: 'For when two or three are gathered together in my name, there am I in the midst of them'.

"Song of the Red War-Boat"

Notes on the poem

(by Philip Holberton)

the poem

This poem is closely linked to the story, in which 'My Red War-Boat' rescues Meon, Wilfred and Eddi from the Bishop’s islet. (p. 239 line 17)

[Title]

War-Boat Like the Danes and Norwegians who came after them, the Saxons were fighting sea-rovers from what is now northern Gernamy, who had raided and pillaged the coasts of England in their long-ships before settling as farmers and fishermen.

[Verse 1]

It’s ebb the tide is going out, against the swell, making the waves steeper and more dangerous.

The shoals are a mile of white the waves are breaking for a mile offshore

[Verse 2]

The Gods know they are forsaken See p. 235 line 23, where Meon says: 'I wonder what Wotan will say to me. He must know I don’t believe in him. Wotan (alternative spellings 'Woden' or 'Odin') was the chief of the Saxon gods.

[Verse 4]

Thor’s Own Hammer Cracking the dark a flash of lightning. Thor was the Saxon god of thunder and lightning; see Verse 5 line 1 'Thor of the Thunder'.

[Verse 7]

mead an intoxicating drink made from fermented honey

two-reef sailing the storm has eased and they can stop rowing and set the sail, but with two sections tied (reefed) up to reduce the area exposed to the wind.